Book reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
Travel Demand Management and Public Policy. Erik Ferguson.
Self-Organization and the City. Juval Portugali (in collaboration with A. Alafasi, I. Benenson, H. Haken, I. Omer). Foreword by Herman Haken.
Growth, Employment and Migration in Southeast Asia: Structural Change in the Greater Mekong Countries. Prema-chandra Athukorala, Chris Manning, Piyasiri Wickramasekara. Cheltenham, U.K.     

Optimization of Basic Ingredient Combination for Sandwich Cookie Filling Using Response Surface Methodology

An optimum formulation for a cookie sweet cream filling was selected using response surface methodology (RSM). The formulation included corn starch, powdered sugar, unflavored gelatin, cocoa butter, and distilled water. The effects of the amount of starch (0–30 %), sugar (40–70 %), gelatin solution (5/55 g water) (0–12 %), and cocoa butter (18–30 %) on the water activity and the textural characteristics (firmness, elasticity, relaxation time, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness) of cookie fillings were investigated. Significant regression models, which explained the effects of different percentages of these ingredients on all response variables, were determined. Based on the results, the formulation for the production of a cookie filling with acceptable water activity value and desired texture qualities was obtained by incorporating 23.16 % corn starch, 46.84 % powdered sugar, 0.87 % gelatin solution, and 29.13 % cocoa butter.     

Volatile and semi-volatile components of oak wood chips analysed by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)

Volatile and semi-volatile compounds of French and American oak wood used in wine and spirits ageing were extracted by an Accelerated Solvent Extractor (ASE) and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. More than 90 compounds were isolated, characterised and quantified after being separated on two chromatographic columns with distinct polarity. The main oak wood components were quantitatively determined by using standard reference compounds. In addition, a number of compounds, mainly guaiacol and syringol derivatives, were detected and characterised. In particular, 10 compounds were tentatively identified as lignin dimers derivatives, whose presence in oak wood chips or barrels for wine and spirits ageing had not been previously described. Several of the characterised compounds enabled a distinction to be drawn between medium and high toasted wood chips, independently of their geographical origin.     

评《生存的艺术》

《生存的艺术》一书收集了景观设计领域重要的学术观点,涵盖了过去十年间影响中国景观设计领域理论和实践的重要思想和案例.